Hidden deep within the dense jungles of the Amazon lies a centuries-old city, previously unknown to humanity. Recently, using a new technology called “Laser in the Sky,” these lost cities have been discovered.
This technology is primarily
used to explore what lies deep within thick tropical forests. A laser
scanner attached to a helicopter, small aircraft, or drone surveys the
terrain from the sky. The laser scans produce a digital model of the
landscape that appears on a computer screen.
These cities were found in
the Lanos de Mojos savannah forest of Bolivia. For many centuries, they
remained hidden under a dense canopy of trees. According to researchers,
the Casarabe community of the forest built these cities between 500 and
1400 AD.
Images captured through the “Laser in the Sky”
technology reveal vast and complex structures within the dense jungle.
One of these structures spans 54 acres and includes a 16-foot-high
platform. Alongside this is a 69-foot-long pyramid—about the size of 30
football fields. In addition, an international team of researchers from
the U.S. and Germany has discovered several reservoirs and numerous
smaller structures within a few miles of the main city.
The discovery of these hidden cities is changing long-held beliefs about the communities that once inhabited the Amazon.
Researchers now believe
that, although forest dwellers, some Amazonian communities were quite
advanced for their time. They suspect that a full-fledged urban
civilization developed around these newly discovered areas in the Amazon
jungle.
The layout of the cities also suggests that these people were highly skilled in architecture. Researchers claim that the cities were carefully and strategically planned.
Until the end of the 20th century, it was commonly believed that Amazon residents were primarily nomadic hunter-gatherers. Moreover, because of annual flooding in the Mojos plains in the southwestern Amazon, it was thought that permanent settlements were not feasible. However, recent discoveries across the Savanah forest have largely debunked that belief.
Researchers also believe that these hidden cities were surrounded by protective walls. Due to the dense vegetation and multiple elevated mounds, several parts of the cities have yet to be fully uncovered.
To gain a deeper understanding of the Amazon jungle, researchers used airborne laser technology for the first time. That’s when these city-like structures were revealed in laser images. However, it's still not possible to estimate how many people lived in these urban areas. Preliminary findings suggest the area was quite densely populated. The reasons why the inhabitants abandoned these cities also remain a subject of ongoing research.
Account opening is the fundamental task for a Bank. A person or any legal entity may open an account with some procedures and rules. Islami banks mobilize deposit through application of the following two principles of Shariah:
1)Al-Wadiah
2)Mudaraba
The two principles are discussed below:
Al-Wadiah
Al-Wadiah principles imply that the bank will receive funds from customers through their deposits and will use those funds for the benefit and at the risk of the bank, but bank is bound to provide demands to the owner of the account at anytime without sharing any profit or loss.
Mudaraba
Mudarab is a form of business contract where one party supplies money to the account and the other uses the money for business or other task. The supplier of the money is called Shahib-al-Maal and the other person who does business with the money is called Mudarib. In Mudaraba the bank receive deposits from the suppliers and the bank will have exclusive right to manage the fund and the profit resulting from such deposits will be shared between the bank and the depositor(s) at a pre-agreed negligence of the bank or any of its representative, will be borne by the depositors. Saving bank accounts, short Notice Deposit and Various Term & Scheme Deposits of Islami banks are conducted on this principle.
The following are the discussion of the various types of Account openings.
(a)Account opening procedure in the individual Name-
To open bank account in the name of individual the following procedures are needed to be followed:
To fill up and sign the Account opening form.
To duly sign the specimen signature card.
Photographs of the opener should be attested.
Account holder has to attest the photograph of the Nominee.
Photocopy of passport/National ID card/Driving License/Certificate of Employer/Certificate of Union Parishad Chairman/Poura Commission etc. of the account holder.
To submit TIN certificate (if available)
To fill up the KYC (know Your Customer) and TP (Transaction Profile).
(b)Account opening procedure in the joint name:
To open joint bank account the following papers procedures are followed:
To fill up and sign the Account opening form.
To duly sign the specimen signature card.
Photographs of the opener should be attested.
Account holder has to attest the photograph of the Nominee.
Photocopy of passport/National ID card/Driving License/Certificate of Employer/Certificate of Union Parishad Chairman/Poura Commission etc. of the account holder.
To submit TIN certificate (if available).
To fill up the KYC (know Your Customer) and TP (Transaction Profile).
(c)Account opening procedure in the name of a Minor:
Account in the name of Minor can be opened by the procedure of individual account which will be operated by the natural guardian (Father/Mother) or by the legal guardian appointed by the court. The title of the account must indicate that the account holder is a Minor mentioning the date of birth. The Minor account will be handled by the guardian.
(d)Account opening procedure in the name of Sole Proprietorship Concern:
To open bank account in the name of Sole Proprietorship Concern the following procedures are followed:
To fill up and sign the Account opening form and sealed.
To duly sign the specimen signature card.
Photographs of the Proprietor should be attested.
Account holder has to attest the photograph of the Nominee.
Photocopy of passport/National ID card/Driving License/Certificate of Employer/Certificate of Union Parishad Chairman/Poura Commission etc. of the Proprietor.
To submit TIN certificate.
To submit photocopy of Up to date Trade License.
To fill up the KYC (know Your Customer) and TP (Transaction Profile).
(e)Account opening procedure in the name of Partnership Concern:
To open bank account in the name of Partnership Concern the following procedures are followed:
1.To fill up and sign the Account opening form and sealed.
2.To duly sign the specimen signature card.
3.Photographs of the Partners/Signatories should be attested.
4.Partners/Signatories have to attest the photograph of the Nominee.
5.Photocopy of passport/National ID card/Driving License/Certificate of Employer/Certificate of Union Parishad Chairman/Poura Commission etc. of the Partners/Signatories.
6.To submit TIN certificate.
7.To submit photocopy of Up to date Trade License.
8.To submit copy of Partnership Deed.
9.To submit list of partners with their address and phone numbers.
10.Exact of resolution of the partners for opening the bank account and authorization for the partners for opening the bank account and authorization for its operation signed by all partners. Care should be taken to see that the adopted resolution does not clash with the relevant clause of the partnership Deed.
11.To fill up the KYC (know Your Customer) and TP (Transaction Profile).
(f)Account opening procedure in the name of Private & Limited Company:
To open bank account in the name of Private& Limited Company the following procedures are followed:
1.To fill up and sign the Account opening form and sealed.
2.To duly sign the specimen signature card.
3.Photographs of the Directors/Signatories should be attested.
4.Photocopy of passport/National ID card/Driving License/Certificate of Employer/Certificate of Union Parishad Chairman/Poura Commission etc. of the Directors/Signatories.
5.To submit TIN certificate of the company.
6.To submit photocopy of Up to date Trade License.
7.To submit true copy of Memorandum and Articles of Association.
8.To submit true copy of Certificate of Incorporation.
9.To submit certified true copy of Certificate of Commencement of Business of the company is case of public Limited Company.
10.To submit the latest list of partners with their address and phone numbers.
11.Exact of resolution of the partners for opening the bank account and authorization for the partners for opening the bank account and authorization for its operation signed by all partners. Care should be taken to see that the adopted resolution does not clash with the relevant clause of the Articles of Association.
12.To fill up the KYC (know Your Customer) and TP (Transaction Profile).
With due introduction and after receiving initial deposit preferably by cash all accounts should be opened. It should be opened after fully confirmed the genuinely of information of the customer. Manager/operation Manger of the branch must have to permit to open an account. Signatures of the account holders/Authorised signatories should be duly admitted/verified by the authorized branch officials. TP or Transaction profile should be commensurate with the declared source of fund/occupation/sales of business of the account holder. Letter of thanks should be sent to the account holder address which will help to verify his address and to be pleased by the account holder.
Closing Bank Accounts
A request letter of the account holder should be received to close the mudaraba savings deposit, Al-Wadiah current Deposit and Mudarab short Notice Deposit. The signature in the request letter of the account holder must be verified and unused cheques must be collected from the account holder. Besides, prior clearance should be obtained from the Investment & Foreign Trade Department of the branch before closing the Account. And also before closing the account, remunerative accounts should be applied with profit. Having done that balance amount should be paid to the account holder through payment order or through cash Debit Voucher.
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